Powder Diffraction Project

Answer: Background and General Remarks

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Background

The background which was used in the following refinements was determined by hand. There are 28 background points in the range is 8° to 62.475°, and 32 in the range 8° to 142.975°:

No.2 ThetaIntensity
1. 8.000 747.291
2. 9.757 696.057
3. 11.654 665.058
4. 14.187 643.116
5. 15.965 634.309
6. 18.047 627.869
7. 20.036 623.143
8. 22.045 619.033
9. 24.264 614.685
10. 26.510 610.884
11. 28.741 607.413
12. 31.315 603.439
13. 33.999 599.417
14. 36.039 596.469
15. 38.052 593.542
16. 40.039 590.432
17. 41.871 587.838
18. 43.807 585.044
19. 45.381 582.849
20. 47.085 580.454
21. 48.833 577.860
22. 50.648 575.277
23. 52.678 572.184
24. 54.304 569.757
25. 56.550 566.542
26. 59.173 563.399
27. 61.102 561.512
28. 62.725 560.285
-------------------
29. 66.208 558.399
30. 71.000 556.932
31. 75.000 556.000
32. 142.975 551.306

The additional four points in the higher angle area are determined so that they follow the trend of the background line in the lower angle area, and keep smoothness of the background function. More precise determination was precluded by the fact that too many overlappings in the higher angle area make it impossible to decide where a background point should be positioned. Although, there is a short region in the higher angle area (123.65° to 124.50° approximately) in which overlappings are not too heavy, and it was used as a guidance for correction of the positions of the additional background points.

The background function was corrected several times during the first two refinements (in lower angle area, as well as in higher).

The background (red squares) and the pattern can be seen together and compared in one of the figures which ilustrate results of following refinements:

Remark: Rietica's grafic program always shows experimental data with unconnected black crosses, calculated profile with a red line, indices with blue bars, and the difference plot with a green line.

General Remarks

Program used was Rietica, PC-version. In all the following refinements starting values in the program were set as listed:

  • dumping factors all set to 0.90
  • peak shape chosen: Pseudo-Voigt (FCJ Asym)
  • starting scale factor: 1.0000
  • starting B values for all atoms: 0.6
  • zero correction: 0.0000
  • values for the resolution function parameters: U=0.05°2, V=-0.15°2, W=0.20°2

General strategy. In addition to advices from case study (coordinates of the heaviest scatterers first, etc.), the next strategy was applied:

  • Scale factor always refined, with or without other parameters.
  • After the refinement of cell parameters and/or zerro correction and/or atom coordinates, refine halfwidth and/or peakshape parameters, and vice versa.

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Student: Siniûa Prokic